Exploring the Phytochemical Composition and Pharmacological Activities of Musa acuminata (Wild) Seeds: In vitro Anti-inflammatory and in vivo Analgesic Studies

Abstract

Inflammation and pain are major clinical burdens, and currently used conventional therapies often cause severe long-term adverse effects, prompting the search for safer natural alternatives. This study aimed to evaluate the phytochemical composition and the in vitro anti-inflammatory and in vivo analgesic potential of the methanolic seed extract of wild Musa acuminata (MAEx). Preliminary phytochemical screening was conducted using standard qualitative protocols. The anti-inflammatory effect was assessed via the human red blood cell (HRBC) membrane stabilization assay, while central and peripheral antinociceptive actions were investigated using the hot plate and acetic acid-induced writhing tests in Swiss albino mice, respectively. Phytochemical profiling revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, phenols, saponins, glycosides, and steroids. In vitro, MAEx exhibited dose-dependent protection against haemolysis, achieving 72.43% inhibition at 1000 µg/mL. In vivo, the extract significantly reduced peripheral pain, producing 64.17% and 65.83% inhibition of writhing at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg, respectively, compared with 77.5% inhibition by the standard, diclofenac sodium. Furthermore, evaluation of central analgesic activity showed a progressive, time-dependent increase in thermal latency, with the 400 mg/kg dose reaching a maximum reaction time of 18.75 s at 90 min. In conclusion, the methanolic seed extract of Musa acuminata possesses potent anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities, which may be mediated by the synergistic effects of its abundant bioactive secondary metabolites. These findings provide scientific support for its traditional therapeutic applications and provide a basis for the isolation of its active components.