Evaluation of the Physicochemical and Microbiological Quality of Borehole Water in the Urban Areas of Muzaffarpur, Bihar, India

Abstract

This study evaluated the physicochemical and microbiological quality of borehole water during the post-monsoon period in Mushahari Block, Muzaffarpur, Bihar. Water samples were collected from 15 sites representing slum, residential, and industrial areas and analysed using standard APHA and BIS methods. The assessed parameters included pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, turbidity, total hardness, alkalinity, major ions, selected trace elements, and total coliforms. The borehole water was neutral to mildly alkaline, with pH values of 7.25–7.61. Total dissolved solids ranged from 466 to 1046 mg/L, while total hardness ranged from 308 to 520 mg/L, indicating substantial mineralisation and hardness. Calcium, magnesium, and alkalinity were also elevated at several sampling locations. Iron and nitrate represented the principal chemical concerns, with mean concentrations of 1.99 mg/L and 71.21 mg/L, respectively, and multiple samples exceeding BIS limits. In contrast, chloride, sulphate, fluoride, arsenic, and manganese remained within the applicable permissible limits. Total coliforms were detected in 6 of the 15 samples, demonstrating localised microbiological contamination. Overall, the observed groundwater quality reflects both geogenic and anthropogenic influences. The findings indicate that treatment, sanitary protection of water sources, improved waste-management practices, and regular monitoring are necessary before the borehole water is considered suitable for safe domestic use.