Evaluation of Renal Function Indicators and Systemic Electrolytes in End-stage Renal Disease Patients Undergoing Maintenfance Hemodialysis in Diwaniyah Governorate, Iraq

Abstract

Background: Chronic kidney disease frequently progresses to end-stage renal disease, necessitating hemodialysis. This life-saving therapy alters the metabolic environment, making the continuous monitoring of biochemical parameters vital. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate renal function indicators and systemic electrolytes among end-stage renal disease patients undergoing regular hemodialysis in Diwaniyah Governorate. Methods: A cross-sectional analytical study included 90 adults: an experimental group of 70 patients receiving maintenance hemodialysis and a control group of 20 healthy subjects. Venous blood samples were collected prior to dialysis sessions and analyzed for blood urea, serum creatinine, uric acid, and electrolytes. Results: Renal function indicators were significantly elevated in the patient cohort; mean serum creatinine and blood urea surged to 8.4 ± 1.8 mg/dL and 145.6 ± 22.4 mg/dL, respectively, compared to controls (P ≤ 0.001). Furthermore, severe systemic electrolyte imbalances were detected, characterized by significant hyperkalemia (5.6 ± 0.6 mEq/L) and hyperphosphatemia (6.3 ± 1.2 mg/dL), alongside marked hypocalcemia (7.8 ± 0.7 mg/dL) (P ≤ 0.001). Sodium levels remained statistically comparable between the two groups. Conclusion: Routine hemodialysis partially fails to restore physiological equilibrium, leaving patients highly susceptible to severe uremia and electrolytic derangements. The strict implementation of tailored dietary counseling and optimized dialysis prescriptions is urgently recommended to improve patient outcomes.