Evaluation of Prostate-Specific Antigen in Relation to Lipid Profile and Atherogenic Indices in Adult Males in Abuja

Abstract

Background: Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is widely used in detecting prostate disorders, though its specificity is limited. Emerging evidence suggests that dyslipidemia and atherogenic indices may influence PSA levels and potentially aid in assessing prostatic risk. Aim: This study assessed the association between PSA levels, lipid profiles, and derived atherogenic indices in adult males in Abuja, Nigeria. Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted from January to June 2025 among 150 healthy adult males attending two tertiary hospitals. Participants were categorized into three age groups: 18–39, 40–59, and 60 years and older. After overnight fasting, venous blood samples were collected. PSA was measured using electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. Lipid parameters, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), were assessed enzymatically. Atherogenic indices were calculated using standard formulas. Data were analyzed using independent t-tests, Pearson correlation, and logistic regression at a significance level of p ≤ 0.05. Results: Mean PSA values increased with age: 0.88 ± 0.20 ng/mL (18–39 years), 5.62 ± 15.99 ng/mL (40–59 years), and 13.09 ± 19.32 ng/mL (≥60 years). LDL-C levels were significantly higher in participants with elevated PSA (3.43 ± 1.24 mmol/L) than in those with normal PSA (2.93 ± 0.95 mmol/L, p = 0.009). Other lipid parameters (TC, TG, and HDL-C) and derived atherogenic indices showed no significant associations with PSA levels. Age ≥60 years was a strong predictor of elevated PSA (OR = 15.26, p < 0.001). Conclusion: LDL-C showed a significant association with PSA levels. Although atherogenic indices were not predictive, integrating lipid profile screening with PSA testing could serve as adjunctive markers for prostate risk assessment, particularly in older men.