A Comparative Analysis of Toxoplasmosis Research in Iraq: Advancements in Regional Trends and Clinical Implications (1989–2024)

Abstract

Background: Toxoplasmosis, caused by the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii, remains a major public health concern globally and particularly in Iraq. Aims: This review systematically analyzes the evolution of human toxoplasmosis research in Iraq from 1989 to May 2025, focusing exclusively on studies involving human populations. Setting: Early investigations (1989–2000) primarily assessed seroprevalence rates, revealing widespread exposure across various Iraqi regions with rates between 25% and 45%. The clinical expansion phase (2001–2010) emphasized the association between toxoplasmosis and adverse pregnancy outcomes, including miscarriage, congenital anomalies, and infertility. From 2011 onward, major advances occurred with the introduction of molecular diagnostics, including PCR-based techniques and genotyping of T. gondii strains. Results: In recent years, interdisciplinary studies have explored connections between chronic toxoplasmosis and neuropsychiatric disorders and evaluated the risk of opportunistic reactivation post-COVID-19. Despite significant scientific progress, challenges remain, including limited nationwide screening, uneven diagnostic capacities, and scarce longitudinal studies. Future directions should focus on expanding molecular surveillance, integrating routine screening into maternal healthcare, and fostering interdisciplinary and international collaborations, as well as the invention of new anti-toxoplasma drugs rather than pyrimethamin and even instead of spiramycin(a traditional and safe drug during toxoplasmosis). Conclusions: This review highlights the resilience and innovation of Iraqi researchers and offers strategic insights for advancing toxoplasmosis research, diagnosis, and public health management in Iraq.