Comparative Dairy Ecosystems and Women’s Empowerment: Evidence from Gujarat and Odisha, India

Abstract

Background: Dairying in rural India is predominantly sustained by smallholder women who play a key role in animal care, feeding, and milk management. Their contribution has been instrumental in India’s emergence as the world’s largest milk producer, largely supported by the Anand pattern of dairy cooperative model institutionalized through the National Dairy Development Board and operationalized in Gujarat under the Gujarat Cooperative Milk Marketing Federation Ltd. Purpose: Despite the expansion of dairy cooperatives across the country, significant regional disparities persist in stakeholders’ integration and their livelihood outcomes. This study compares the dairy ecosystems of women members of Dairy Cooperative Societies in Anand district of Gujarat and Cuttack district of Odisha, India. Research Methodology and Data Collection: Primary data were collected from eight cooperatives (four in each state) with at least 40% women membership, using structured schedule, focus group discussions, and field observations. The analysis focused on backward linkages (input supply, veterinary services, breeding support), forward linkages (milk procurement and market access), technological penetration, and institutional support mechanisms. Findings: Findings revealed that Gujarat demonstrates a well-integrated dairy ecosystem characterized by reliable veterinary outreach, advanced breeding technologies, structured payment systems, and strong market linkages, resulting into higher productivity, income stability, and enhanced decision-making power among women. In contrast, Odisha exhibited service gaps, weaker institutional follow-up, and limited technological dissemination, leading to lower procurement levels and greater vulnerability to economic shocks. Conclusions: The study concludes that the mere presence of dairy cooperatives is insufficient; rather, a strengthened, inclusive, and gender-responsive ecosystem is essential for achieving meaningful and equitable empowerment of women dairy farmers.