Climate Variability and Water Stress in Vegetable Crops in Loumbila, Burkina Faso (1992–2022)

Abstract

The relationships between temperature variability, evapotranspiration, relative humidity, and water resources have been clearly established. Seasonal analysis reveals direct hydrological effects, including prolonged periods of water scarcity and increasingly limited water resources for agricultural activities. This study is based on meteorological data from the National Meteorological Agency of Burkina Faso (ANAM) for the period 1992–2022 in Loumbila. It examines four climate parameters: air temperature, potential evapotranspiration (PET), relative humidity, and wind speed. The annual average temperature is approximately 29 °C, rising from 28.04 °C in 1992 to 29.78 °C in 2021. ETP has an annual average of 2,121.9 mm, with a minimum of 1,878.4 mm in 2005 and a maximum of 2,388.7 mm in 2020. The average annual wind speed rose from 1.94 m/s in 1992 to 3.16 m/s in 2020, reflecting a gradual intensification of winds. Relative humidity remains low for much of the year, especially from November to May under the influence of the harmattan, and reaches its highest levels only in August, at the height of the rainy season. Monthly and annual climate data series are analysed using linear regression and statistical tests to identify trends and extreme events. The results confirm rising temperatures, consistently high ETP, prolonged dry conditions, and stronger winds. These conditions increase crop water requirements and prolong water stress. They have a direct impact on vegetable production and food security for households in Loumbila. The sustainability of production systems, therefore, depends on adaptation strategies and agroecological innovations. These include improved irrigation, soil protection against wind and evaporation, and the diversification of crops and activities. The use of methods that are more resilient to climate change is also necessary.