Consumption of Alcohol, Cigarettes, and Polyherbal Medications (AGBO) May Have a Detrimental Effect on Individuals Antioxidant Status in Nnewi Metropolis

Abstract

Background: Oxidative stress, an imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidants, has been implicated in various health conditions, including cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and neurodegenerative disorders. While polyherbal formulations (Agbo) are widely consumed in Nigeria for their perceived medicinal benefits, the potential impact of their use alongside alcohol and cigarettes on oxidative stress remains largely unexplored. Objective: This study evaluates the effects of Agbo, alcohol, and cigarette consumption on oxidative stress markers—Malondialdehyde (MDA) and Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC)—among individuals in the Nnewi metropolis. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 102 participants divided into three groups: individuals consuming Agbo, alcohol, and cigarettes; individuals consuming only alcohol and cigarettes; and a control group. Venous blood samples were collected and analyzed for MDA and TAC levels using Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances (TBARS) and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) assays, respectively. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 26. Results: Results showed significantly elevated MDA levels and reduced TAC levels in individuals consuming Agbo, alcohol, and cigarettes compared to the control group (p<0.05), indicating increased oxidative stress. No significant differences were observed in participants consuming only alcohol and cigarettes when compared with those consuming all three substances, suggesting that Agbo consumption does not provide notable antioxidant protection when combined with these harmful substances. Moreover, age, duration, and frequency of consumption did not significantly correlate with oxidative stress markers in various groups. Conclusion: These findings highlight the potential oxidative damage associated with the combined use of Agbo, alcohol, and cigarettes. Further studies are needed to establish safe consumption guidelines and assess the long-term health implications.