Cancer Cachexia: The Interplay of Chronic Inflammation and Metabolic Wasting

Abstract

Background: Cancer cachexia is a multifactorial syndrome characterized by involuntary weight loss, skeletal muscle wasting, and systemic inflammation. It significantly impairs patient quality of life, reduces tolerance to treatment, and contributes to poor prognosis. Objective: This review explores the role of chronic inflammation in the pathogenesis and progression of cancer cachexia, highlighting its impact on metabolism, appetite regulation, and acute phase responses. Methods: A comprehensive literature analysis was conducted to examine inflammatory mediators such as IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, and CRP, along with acute phase proteins, tumor-host interactions, and therapeutic strategies. Findings: Inflammation disrupts energy homeostasis and promotes catabolism in muscle and adipose tissues via cytokine signaling and neuroendocrine pathways. Diagnostic tools involving CRP and other inflammatory markers show potential for prognostication. Therapeutic interventions targeting inflammatory pathways, appetite stimulation, and anabolic restoration are under investigation, with combination therapies offering promising results. Conclusion: Understanding the intricate link between inflammation and metabolic wasting in cancer cachexia is crucial for developing effective diagnostics and interventions. Targeting inflammation may represent a pivotal strategy to improve outcomes in patients with cancer cachexia.