Biocooling and the Role of Shade Trees in Climate Adaptation: The History, Challenges and Future of Shade Trees in Zanzibar Urban Municipality

Abstract

This study investigates the historical role, contemporary challenges, and future potential of shade trees as a Biocooling strategy in Zanzibar Town. Using a mixed-methods design, data were collected through structured questionnaires and semi-structured interviews with 30 respondents drawn from markets, schools, hospitals, open spaces, and disability organizations. Quantitative data were analyzed descriptively, while qualitative responses were thematically coded to capture lived experiences. The findings reveal that road and housing construction are the primary drivers of shade tree loss, intensifying urban heat stress and disproportionately affecting vulnerable groups such as traders, disabled people and the elderly. Indian almond and Neem, both abundant in Zanzibar city, emerged as the most frequently remembered species, underscoring that knowledge about ecological and cultural significance of less frequent, native trees is not so common. Respondents strongly supported replanting, prioritizing markets and open spaces as critical sites for Biocooling interventions. Key barriers identified include inadequate planning, poor watering infrastructure, and limited public awareness. The study concludes that shade trees are not only essential for urban climate adaptation and public health but also serve as cultural anchors and economic assets through heritage tourism. Strengthening institutional coordination, integrating Biocooling into urban planning, and implementing afforestation and awareness campaigns are recommended as urgent strategies to enhance Zanzibar’s climate resilience while preserving its cultural identity.