Assessing the Potential of the Developed Coconut (Cocos nucifera) Shell-Based Charcoal

Abstract

Aims: This study was conducted to explore the potential of utilizing coconut shells as an eco-friendly alternative to commercial charcoal. Study Design: The study employed an experimental research design, comparing the two charcoal types via laboratory testing and manual testing. Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted from January to March 2025, in Brgy. Casisang, Malaybalay City, Bukidnon, Philippines. Methodology: Mature, dry coconut shells were purposely sampled from the local markets of Malaybalay City. Cleaning and air drying proceeded for about 5-7 days to reduce the moisture content. Carbonization took place according to traditional practice using local charcoal makers. That is, the burnt shells were put in a covered pit and ventilated through a bamboo tube. After 2-3 hours of carbonization, the shells were crushed, sifted, and added to a cornstarch-water binder. The mixture was then molded using a metal tube and sun-dried for about 7-14 days before testing. Results: The charcoal product showed higher ash (5.8%) and moisture contents (8.0%) as compared with the commercial charcoal (2.5% and 5.3%, respectively). The volatile matter was 24.5% which may have led to a faster ignition time of 5.63 seconds compared to 11.00 seconds for the commercial sample. On the contrary, it had a relatively lower fixed carbon (61.7%) and bulk density (110 g/L), as compared to the commercial variant, which had 71.9% fixed carbon and 321 g/L bulk density, thus indicating comparatively lower combustion energy efficiency. The pH of the developed charcoal was measured at 8.85, less alkaline than the commercial sample (9.91), possibly influencing its performance in nonfuel applications. Conclusion: Coconut shell charcoal has a fast ignition time due to its high volatile content; however, because of lower fixed carbon and density, it may not be very effective in terms of energy utilization. Potential improvements may allow it to become an eco-friendly fuel alternative.