Assessing the Impact of Climate Change on Agricultural Yield in Benin: Trends, Vulnerabilities and Adaptation Strategies

Abstract

Agriculture in Benin, which is mainly rainfed, faces growing challenges from climate change. Rising temperatures, irregular rainfall, and recurring droughts have significantly affected food security and smallholder livelihoods. This study provides an empirical assessment of how climate variability affects key staple crops and farmer responses in Benin’s agroecological zones. Using a triangular methodology that combines a systematic review of the literature (PRISMA), 30 years of climate and yield data (1990-2020), and field surveys, the study ensures comprehensive and validated findings. The results indicate an increase of +0.9°C in average annual temperatures and a 12.5% decrease in the consistency of the rainfall. These climate changes have led to substantial yield losses in maize (18%) and sorghum (12%), while cassava and yam showed relative resilience. The northern Sahelian and Sudano-Guinean zones were identified as the most vulnerable due to delayed rains and longer dry periods. Farmers have adapted by adjusting planting dates, intercropping, and adopting drought-tolerant crops; however, these efforts are hindered by limited access to credit, insufficient agricultural input, and weak extension services. The findings underscore that climate change is already reducing agricultural productivity in Benin, with uneven regional and crop-level impacts. To mitigate these risks, policies must focus on promoting climate-smart agriculture, improving climate information dissemination, developing resilient crop varieties, and expanding irrigation systems. Strengthening financial support and advisory services will also be critical to improving farmers’ adaptive capacity. Ultimately, integrating scientific innovations with traditional knowledge can build sustainable agricultural resilience and long-term food security under changing climatic conditions.