Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Nanoparticles Containing Alpha-Humulene in a Model of Alzheimer's Disease

Abstract

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that causes impairment in daily living activities. Although there is no consensus on the pathophysiology of this disease, neuroinflammation is known to be associated with this disease. Objective: To evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of nanoparticles containing alpha-humulene (HUM) in an experimental model of AD. Methodology: Thirty-three animals were included in the sample, 3 of which were in the negative control group. The other 30 patients received the amyloid-beta peptide in the CA1 region of the hippocampus for neuroinflammation. The cells were allowed to rest for 30 days for the inflammatory process to occur. The HUM group was treated with α-humulene particles, the NHUM group was treated with α-humulene nanoparticles for 15 days, and the CP group was not treated. Results: There were significant differences in IFN concentrations between the CP and CN (p=0.0001), HUM and CN (p=0.0003), CP and NHUM (p=0.0006), and HUM and NHUM (p=0.0495) groups. There was no difference in TNF-α levels between the groups. IL-6 levels were significantly different between the CP and NHUM groups (p=0.0078) and between the CP and CN groups (p=0.0009). IL-12 levels were significantly different between the CP and CN (p=0.0001) and between the NHUM and CN (p=0.0160). Overall, the highest concentration was in the CP group. Concerning IL-10, there was a difference between the CP and NHUM (p=0.0003) and between the NHUM and CN (p=0.0005), with the NHUM having the highest concentration. Immunohistochemistry analysis of the anti-Tau and anti-GAPF antibodies revealed strong positivity in the CP group, positivity in the HUM group, and weak positivity in the NHUM group. Conclusion: Treatments for Alzheimer's disease and HUM and NHUM were effective.