Bacterial Infections and the Growing Challenge of Antimicrobial Resistance: A Study on the Role of Culture-Based Diagnosis in Treatment Decision-Making

Abstract

Aim: This study aims to analyze the microbiological profiles of bacterial infections in 516 patients, focusing on the distribution of pathogens, the prevalence of single vs. mixed infections, and the impact of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) on treatment strategies. Study Design: A retrospective cohort study was conducted to evaluate the microbiological data of 516 patients diagnosed with suspected bacterial infections. Place and Duration of the Study: The study was conducted at Indira Medical College and Hospitals over 2 years. Methodology: Clinical samples (urine, pus, wound swabs, and sputum) were collected and processed using conventional microbiological techniques for pathogen identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Statistical analysis was performed to determine the correlation between pathogen prevalence, infection types, and demographic factors such as age and gender. Results: Among 516 clinical samples, 174 (33.7%) were culture-positive. The most common pathogens were Escherichia coli (24.1%), Staphylococcus aureus (20.6%), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (9.7%). Single-pathogen infections were predominant in urine samples (84.5%), while mixed infections were more frequent in pus (14.6%) and wound swabs (47%). Discussion: The findings support the dominance of E. coli as a key pathogen, particularly in urinary tract infections. The higher incidence of mixed infections in pus and wound swabs supports (usual practice) the need for broad-spectrum antibiotics in empirical therapy. Bacterial culture remains an essential diagnostic tool for identifying pathogens and determining antimicrobial susceptibility, particularly in the context of rising AMR. Conclusion: The study emphasizes the ongoing importance of bacterial culture in identifying pathogens and guiding treatment, especially in regions with high rates of AMR. It calls for enhanced antimicrobial stewardship programs and further research to refine treatment approaches for both single and mixed infections.