A Rare Tumorous Presentation of Endobronchial Tuberculosis: Clinical Insights and Case Analysis

Abstract

Endobronchial tuberculosis (EBTB) is a rare manifestation of pulmonary tuberculosis characterized by bronchial inflammation, often presenting with tumor-like masses in the airways. Misdiagnosis, particularly as lung cancer or bronchial asthma, is common due to its atypical presentation. We present a case of a 38-year-old female with persistent cough, wheezing, and constitutional symptoms, initially misdiagnosed with community-acquired pneumonia. Despite broad-spectrum antibiotics, there was no improvement. Imaging revealed right upper lobe collapse and a suspicious lesion, prompting a PET-CT scan that indicated a neoplastic or infectious etiology. Bronchoscopy confirmed a friable growth in the right main bronchus, with subsequent biopsy and bronchoalveolar lavage revealing Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Prompt initiation of anti-tuberculosis therapy led to symptom resolution. This case underscores the importance of considering tuberculosis in patients with persistent respiratory symptoms, even without prior TB history.