A Comprehensive Review on Diverse Roles of Trichoderma spp. for Sustainable Agriculture

Abstract

The over use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides has had a number of negative effects on the environment and human health. They decrease microbial activity, raise disease resistance, lower soil fertility, and raise greenhouse gas emissions. It is inappropriate and impractical to treat plant diseases solely using chemical pesticides. The use of organic fertilizers and pesticides should be prioritized in order to attain sustainability in agriculture. Trichoderma has been increasingly popular among forward-thinking farmers as an alternative to synthetic fertilizers and pesticides in recent years. Its slow rate of colonization and reproduction, vulnerability to biotic and abiotic stresses, inability to totally remove pathogens, and high cost are the primary causes of its low adoption among farmers. To get over these obstacles, distinct strains of Trichoderma that are quick to grow and colonize, least impacted by environmental factors, and have a broad host range of diseases should be found. To ensure its widespread use, farmers should also be educated about the value of Trichoderma in agriculture through a variety of extension services. Trichoderma, which functions as a biofertilizer, bioremediation, and biocontrol agent, may be a practical and sustainable substitute.However, Trichoderma's applicability at the farmer level is still lacking, and its utilization is restricted to research endeavors. Therefore, the purpose of this study, which is based on a critical analysis of research papers from researchers around the world, is to disclose the current state of Trichoderma use, including its significance, modes of action, application and multiplication techniques, obstacles to widespread adoption, and suitable remedies.