A Comparative Study of Topical 3% Tranexamic Acid and 35% Glycolic Acid in Melasma and Review of Literature

Abstract

Aim: To compare the efficacy and safety of topical 3% tranexamic acid gel vs 35% glycolic acid peel in the treatment of melasma over face. Materials and Methods: This is an open labelled, Randomised Controlled Trial(RCT) conducted on 60 patients. Patients were randomly divided equally into 2 groups – Group A and Group B. Patients of Group A  used topical 3% tranexamic acid gel twice a day and Group B patients were treated with 35% glycolic acid peel with a contact period of 5 minutes once in every 2 weeks. Patients were assessed every month for a period of 3 months and recurrence was assessed for the next consecutive 3 months following the treatment. Patients were asked to use a broad spectrum sunscreen before sun exposure during the entire study. Assessment of reduction in pigmentation was made by MASI score, subjective and objective valuation (blind observer) and photographic comparison. Safety profile was assessed by the side effects. Results: The mean value of Melasma Area and Severity Index(MASI) score for glycolic acid group at baseline was 14.41 which reduced to 7.05 at end of 3rd month. In tranexamic acid group, the mean value of MASI score at baseline was 14.58 which reduced to 5.96 at the end of 3rd month. The mean percentage of improvement in MASI score in glycolic acid group 52% whereas in tranexamic acid group it is 61%.  The side effects were minimal in this study. Side effects were more in glycolic acid group than tranexamic acid group.  A total of 8 patients had recurrence during follow up. In glycolic acid group, 5 patients had recurrence whereas in tranexamic acid group, only 3 patients had recurrence. The percentage of recurrence in glycolic acid group is 16.7 % whereas in glycolic acid group it is 10.7%. Conclusion: Tranexamic acid is a novel emerging therapy for melasma. In this study it has been found that topical 3% tranexamic acid is equally efficacious as 35% glycolic acid peel with minimal side effects in the treatment of melasma.