Spatial Distribution of Mental Health Facilities in Kaduna State, Nigeria: A GIS-based Analysis

Abstract

The geographical distribution of mental health facilities is important for equitable mental healthcare planning. This study examined the spatial distribution of orthodox and non-orthodox mental health facilities in Kaduna State, Nigeria, using Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Fieldwork-based facility locations were analysed using Kernel Density Estimation, Average Nearest Neighbour (ANN), distance buffers of 10, 20, 30 and 50 km, and facility-to-population ratios across the state's three senatorial zones. Chapter Four reports 45 facilities in its ownership and facility-to-population analyses, although its type classification elsewhere reports 43; this discrepancy must be reconciled before submission. ANN analysis indicated statistically significant clustering (nearest-neighbour ratio = 0.262896; z = −9.353755; p < 0.001). Kernel density mapping showed a pronounced concentration around Kaduna metropolis, particularly Kaduna North and Kaduna South LGAs in Kaduna Central Senatorial Zone, and a secondary concentration around the Zaria–Sabon Gari axis. Buffer analysis indicated that geographical coverage increased as the distance threshold widened, but gaps remained in peripheral LGAs including Birnin Gwari, Kubau, Kauru, Kagarko and Sanga. The facility-to-population analysis also showed an uneven distribution, with the largest reported number of facilities in Kaduna Central Senatorial Zone. The findings indicate that mental health facilities are spatially clustered rather than evenly distributed across Kaduna State. GIS-informed planning, improved facility data management and targeted assessment of underserved areas are recommended.