Skip to content
Research Article Open access CC BY 3.0

Reactive Secondary Sequence Oxidative Pathology Polymer Model and Antioxidant Tests

Richard C. Petersen

International Research Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry · pp. 247–285 · Published 6 Dec 2012

10.9734/IRJPAC/2012/2104

Abstract

Aims: To provide common Organic Chemistry/Polymer Science thermoset free-radical crosslinking Sciences for Medical understanding and also present research findings for several common vitamins/antioxidants with a new class of drugs known as free-radical inhibitors.  Study Design: Peroxide/Fenton transition-metal redox couples that generate free radicals were combined with unsaturated lipid oils to demonstrate thermoset-polymer chain growth by crosslinking with the α-β-unsaturated aldehyde acrolein into rubbery/adhesive solids. Further, Vitamin A and beta carotene were similarly studied for crosslink pathological potential. Also, free-radical inhibitor hydroquinone was compared for antioxidant capability with Vitamin E. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Department of Biomaterials, University of Alabama at Birmingham, between June 2005 and August 2012. Methodology: Observations were recorded for Fenton free-radical crosslinking of unsaturated  lipids and vitamin A/beta carotene by photography further with weight measurements and percent-shrinkage testing directly related to covalent crosslinking of unsaturated lipids recorded over time with different concentrations of acrolein. Also, hydroquinone and vitamin E were compared at concentrations from 0.0-7.3wt% as antioxidants for reductions in percent-shrinkage measurements, n = 5. Results: Unsaturated lipid oils responded to Fenton thermoset-polymer reactive secondary sequence reactions only by acrolein with crosslinking into rubbery-type solids and different non-solid gluey products. Further, molecular oxygen crosslinking was demonstrated with lipid peroxidation and acrolein at specially identified margins. By peroxide/Fenton free-radical testing, both vitamin A and beta-carotene demonstrated possible pathology chemistry for chain-growth crosslinking. During lipid/acrolein testing over a 50 hour time period at 7.3wt% antioxidants, hydroquinone significantly reduced percent shrinkage greatly compared to the standard antioxidant vitamin E, %shrinkage at 11.6 ±1.3 for hydroquinone and 27.8 ±2.2, for and vitamin E, P = .001. Conclusion: Free radicals crosslinked unsaturated lipid fatty acids into thermoset polymers through Fenton reactions when combined with acrolein. Further, hydroquinone was a superior antioxidant to vitamin E.  

Thermoset polymer unsaturated lipid hydroquinone vitamin A vitamin E

References (104)

  1. 1 Electron transfers in chemistry and biology [DOI]
  2. 2 Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2012 Update [DOI]
  3. 3 HEART DISEASE AND STROKE STATISTICS–2014 UPDATE: A REPORT FROM THE AMERICAN HEART ASSOCIATION [DOI]
  4. 4 [1] Role of free radicals and catalytic metal ions in human disease: An overview [DOI]
  5. 5 NLRP3 inflammasomes are required for atherogenesis and activated by cholesterol crystals [DOI]
  6. 6 Global atlas on cardiovascular disease prevention and control.
  7. 7 Vitamins E and C in the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Men [DOI]
  8. 8 Polymer Science and Technology [DOI]
  9. 9 Reactive oxygen species in cardiovascular disease [DOI]
  10. 10 Atherogenesis in perspective: Hypercholesterolemia and inflammation as partners in crime [DOI]
  11. 11 Role of reactive aldehyde in cardiovascular diseases [DOI]
  12. 12 Acrolein Is a Product of Lipid Peroxidation Reaction [DOI]
  13. 13 Crosslinked polydimethylsiloxane exposed to oxygen plasma studied by neutron reflectometry and other surface specific techniques [DOI]
  14. 14 Reperfusion injury following cerebral ischemia: pathophysiology, MR imaging, and potential therapies [DOI]
  15. 15 Free Radical Oxidation of Polyunsaturated Lipids: New Mechanistic Insights and the Development of Peroxyl Radical Clocks [DOI]
  16. 16 Beyond High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels [DOI]
  17. 17 Vitamin E: The shrew waiting to be tamed [DOI]
  18. 18 The role of peroxidases in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis [DOI]
  19. 19 Fracture Behavior of Polymers [DOI]
  20. 20 Nitrosamine-induced carcinogenesis. The alkylation of nucleic acids of the rat by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea, dimethylnitrosamine, dimethyl sulphate and methyl methanesulphonate [DOI]
  21. 21 Uncoupling Cell Shrinkage from Apoptosis Reveals That Na+ Influx Is Required for Volume Loss during Programmed Cell Death [DOI]
  22. 22 Acrolein induced DNA damage, mutagenicity and effect on DNA repair [DOI]
  23. 23 An update on products and mechanisms of lipid peroxidation [DOI]
  24. 24 ROS and RNS Signaling in Heart Disorders: Could Antioxidant Treatment Be Successful? [DOI]
  25. 25 High‐performance biobased epoxy derived from rosin [DOI]
  26. 26 Oxidative Stress in Heart Failure: What Are We Missing? [DOI]
  27. 27 Simultaneous total antioxidant capacity assay of lipophilic and hydrophilic antioxidants in the same acetone–water solution containing 2% methyl-β-cyclodextrin using the cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) method [DOI]
  28. 28 An investigation of vinyl-ester?styrene bulk copolymerization cure kinetics using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy [DOI]
  29. 29 Vitamin E transport, membrane incorporation and cell metabolism: Is α‐tocopherol in lipid rafts an oar in the lifeboat? [DOI]
  30. 30 Novel biobased resins from blends of functionalized soybean oil and unsaturated polyester resin [DOI]
  31. 31 Impact of Structure and Functionality of Core Polyol in Highly Functional Biobased Epoxy Resins [DOI]
  32. 32 Simultaneous Measurement of Effective Chemical Shrinkage and Modulus Evolutions During Polymerization [DOI]
  33. 33 Evolution of manufacturing processes for fiber-reinforced thermoset tanks, vessels, and silos: a review [DOI]
  34. 34 Fundamentals of Medical Physiology [DOI]
  35. 35 No effect of supplementation with vitamin E, ascorbic acid, or coenzyme Q10 on oxidative DNA damage estimated by 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine excretion in smokers [DOI]
  36. 36 Vitamin E as an Antioxidant in vitro and in vivo [DOI]
  37. 37 Pathogenesis of the transformation from gastritis to malignancy [DOI]
  38. 38 Review article: inflammation‐related promotion of gastrointestinal carcinogenesis – a perigenetic pathway [DOI]
  39. 39 Prolonged α-Tocopherol Deficiency Decreases Oxidative Stress and Unmasks α-Tocopherol-dependent Regulation of Mitochondrial Function in the Brain [DOI]
  40. 40 FTIR imaging of oxidation of polyisoprene 2. The role of N-phenyl-N′-dimethyl-butyl-p-phenylenediamine antioxidant [DOI]
  41. 41 Diffusion and Rheology of Binary Polymer Mixtures [DOI]
  42. 42 Influence of cross-linking agent on thermomechanical properties and shape memory effect of styrene shape memory polymer [DOI]
  43. 43 Shear Viscosity of Mixtures of α-Tocopherol with Nonpolar Solvents [DOI]
  44. 44 Influence of cure via network structure on mechanical properties of a free-radical polymerizing thermoset [DOI]
  45. 45 Combination therapy targeting cancer metabolism [DOI]
  46. 46 Application of computed X‐ray tomography scanning in the study of thermo‐oxidative degradation of thick‐walled filled natural rubber vulcanizates [DOI]
  47. 47 Styrene 7,8-oxide induces caspase activation and regular DNA fragmentation in neuronal cells [DOI]
  48. 48 Peroxide crosslinking of a styrene‐free unsaturated polyester [DOI]
  49. 49 Delivery systems for antioxidant nutrients [DOI]
  50. 50 The effect of radiation processing and filler morphology on the biomechanical stability of a thermoset polyester composite [DOI]
  51. 51 CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics [DOI]
  52. 52 Alternative projections of mortality and disability by cause 1990–2020: Global Burden of Disease Study [DOI]
  53. 53 Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2010 Update [DOI]
  54. 54 Tumor Hypoxia: Definitions and Current Clinical, Biologic, and Molecular Aspects [DOI]
  55. 55 The Biology of Cancer [DOI]
  56. 56 Structure and properties of carotenoids in relation to function. [DOI]
  57. 57 Vitamin E, antioxidant and nothing more [DOI]
  58. 58 Chemical and molecular mechanisms of antioxidants: experimental approaches and model systems [DOI]
  59. 59 Mechanisms of free radical oxidation of unsaturated lipids [DOI]
  60. 60 Targeting Antioxidants to Mitochondria by Conjugation to Lipophilic Cations [DOI]
  61. 61 Tumor oxygenation predicts for the likelihood of distant metastases in human soft tissue sarcoma.
  62. 62 Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. [DOI]
  63. 63 The Role of Hypoxia-Induced Factors in Tumor Progression [DOI]
  64. 64 Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Atherosclerosis [DOI]
  65. 65 Mechanism of antioxidant capacity assays and the CUPRAC (cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity) assay [DOI]
  66. 66 Endothelial dysfunction: a comprehensive appraisal. [DOI]
  67. 67 A Randomized Factorial Trial of Vitamins C and E and Beta Carotene in the Secondary Prevention of Cardiovascular Events in Women [DOI]
  68. 68 Incidence of Cancer and Mortality Following α-Tocopherol and β-Carotene Supplementation [DOI]
  69. 69 Why Have Antioxidants Failed in Clinical Trials? [DOI]
  70. 70 Mitochondrial oxidative stress and dysfunction in myocardial remodelling [DOI]
  71. 71 Modulation of Oxidant and Antioxidant Enzyme Expression and Function in Vascular Cells [DOI]
  72. 72 Cancer-preventive activities of tocopherols and tocotrienols [DOI]
  73. 73 Thematic review series: The Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis. An interpretive history of the cholesterol controversy: part I [DOI]
  74. 74 The location and behavior of α‐tocopherol in membranes [DOI]
  75. 75 High Density Lipoprotein and it’s Dysfunction [DOI]
  76. 76 Thermal and mechanical properties of anhydride‐cured epoxy resins with different contents of biobased epoxidized soybean oil [DOI]
  77. 77 Possible Relevance of O–6 Alkylation of Deoxyguanosine to the Mutagenicity and Carcinogenicity of Nitrosamines and Nitrosamides [DOI]
  78. 78 Unmasking a killer: DNA O6-methylguanine and the cytotoxicity of methylating agents [DOI]
  79. 79 Effects of temperature on cure kinetics and mechanical properties of vinyl-ester resins [DOI]
  80. 80 Human pancreatic islet beta-cell destruction by cytokines involves oxygen free radicals and aldehyde production [DOI]
  81. 81 Decreased membrane fluidity and altered susceptibility to peroxidation and lipid composition in overweight and obese female erythrocytes [DOI]
  82. 82 Endogenous Formation of Protein Adducts with Carcinogenic Aldehydes [DOI]
  83. 83 Targeting Myelomonocytic Cells to Revert Inflammation-Dependent Cancer Promotion [DOI]
  84. 84 The emerging role of cardiovascular risk factor-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in atherogenesis [DOI]
  85. 85 Failure mechanisms in polymer matrix composites [DOI]
  86. 86 Organic Chemistry, 5th Edition
  87. 87 Free-radical polymerization: Inhibition and retardation [DOI]
  88. 88 Development of On-Line High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)-Biochemical Detection Methods as Tools in the Identification of Bioactives [DOI]
  89. 89 A novel biobased resin‐epoxidized soybean oil modified cyanate ester [DOI]
  90. 90 Thermokinetics evaluation and simulations for the polymerization of styrene in the presence of various inhibitor concentrations [DOI]
  91. 91 Arachidonic Acid Metabolites Contribute to the Irreversible Depolarization Induced by In Vitro Ischemia [DOI]
  92. 92 Generation of Free Radicals during Decomposition of Hydroperoxide in the Presence of Myeloperoxidase or Activated Neutrophils [DOI]
  93. 93 The Oxidation of Unsaturated Compounds. V. The Effect of Oxygen Pressure on the Oxidation of Styrene1,2 [DOI]
  94. 94 Chemical analysis of vinyl‐crosslinked poly(dimethylsiloxane) model networks and use of the resulting structural information in the interpretation of their elastomeric properties [DOI]
  95. 95 Effects of inhibitors and retarders on low temperature free radical crosslinking polymerization between styrene and vinyl ester resin [DOI]
  96. 96 Effect of oxygen on the crosslinking and mechanical properties of a thermoset formed by free‐radical photocuring [DOI]
  97. 97 Micromechanics/Electron Interactions for Advanced Biomedical Research
  98. 98 Introduction to physical polymer science [DOI]
  99. 99 Molecular biology of the cell, 3rd edition [DOI]
  100. 100 Inflammation, Infection, and Cardiovascular Risk [DOI]
  101. 101 Molecular Biology of the Cell [DOI]
  102. 102 Nutrition and physical activity guidelines for cancer survivors [DOI]
  103. 103 Relative Reactivity Volume Criterion for Cross-Linking: Application to Vinyl Ester Resin Molecular Dynamics Simulations [DOI]
  104. 104 Principles of polymer systems [DOI]

Cited by 25

Carbon Fiber Biocompatibility for Implants.

Petersen R. · Fibers (Basel) · 2016

Free-radical polymer science structural cancer model: a review.

Petersen RC. · Scientifica (Cairo) · 2013

Thermosets from renewable sources

Kalsoom Jan, Md. Akiful Haque, Shaoqing Cui · Handbook of Thermoset Plastics · 2022

Computational conformational antimicrobial analysis developing mechanomolecular theory for polymer biomaterials in materials science and engineering

Richard C. Petersen · International Journal of Computational Materials Science and Engineering · 2014

Showing 20 of 25 known citations — external sources report more than can currently be individually listed.

Article metrics

Real usage data collected on this platform.

94

Page views

0

PDF downloads

23

Outbound clicks

25

Citations

Views over time

Views by country

Approximate, from request IP at view time — not citizenship or institution. Countries with fewer than 5 views are grouped as "Other".

Traffic sources

Referring site, by host.

Views and downloads exclude known bots/crawlers. Citations combines this platform's own DOI-resolved index with each external source's own reported total — see Cited by above for individually listed citing works. Last refreshed 0 seconds ago.