Skip to content
Research Article Open access CC BY 3.0

History and Biology of Transglutaminase 2: A Synopsis

Odii Benedict Onyekachi, Peter Coussons

International Journal of Biochemistry Research & Review · pp. 43–65 · Published 13 Nov 2013

10.9734/IJBCRR/2014/6363

Abstract

Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) belongs to the family of transglutaminase, a large group of intracellular and extracellular enzymes that primarily catalyze the Ca2+-dependent post-translational modification of proteins. Discovery of the first transglutaminase in the early 1920s, has subsequently lead to the identification of nine members of the enzyme family including TG2; the most abundant, most popular and most studied member of the transglutaminase enzyme family. The popularity of TG2 is due to its uniqueness amongst other members of the Transglutaminase (Tgase) family. Its difference from other Tgase family members is due to its specialized structural and biochemical activities; abundant tissue distribution and sub-cellular localization; and multi-functionality and physiology. The growing interests in TG2 and related research has resulted to an attendant mega-research output; and the need to produce a well-structured compilation of data on this popular enzyme has arisen. It is against this background, that we have compiled herein, a synopsis of available literature on TG2 history, structural and biochemical activities, tissue distribution, and physiology. This was done with the view to providing a compendium of background information that could be handy to researchers and new interest in the field of TG2 research.

Transglutaminase 2 history biology structure biochemistry tissue distribution

References (147)

  1. 1 Integrins [DOI]
  2. 2 Transglutaminases: crosslinking enzymes with pleiotropic functions [DOI]
  3. 3 The ins and outs of fibronectin matrix assembly [DOI]
  4. 4 Mechanism and BASIS for Specificity of Transglutaminase‐Catalyzed ε‐(γ‐Glutamyl) Lysine Bond Formation [DOI]
  5. 5 Transglutaminase 2 -/- mice reveal a phagocytosis-associated crosstalk between macrophages and apoptotic cells [DOI]
  6. 6 Transglutaminase 2 in the balance of cell death and survival [DOI]
  7. 7 Induction and activation of tissue transglutaminase during programmed cell death [DOI]
  8. 8 A Hitherto Undescribed Congenital Haemorrhagic Diathesis Probably Due to Fibrin Stabilizing Factor Deficiency [DOI]
  9. 9 Targeted Inactivation of Gh/Tissue Transglutaminase II [DOI]
  10. 10 Identification of a guanosine triphosphate-binding site on guinea pig liver transglutaminase. Role of GTP and calcium ions in modulating activity. [DOI]
  11. 11 Tissue Transglutaminase Has Intrinsic Kinase Activity [DOI]
  12. 12 Measurement of tissue transglutaminase activity in a permeabilized cell system: its regulation by Ca2+ and nucleotides [DOI]
  13. 13 A Novel RGD-independent Cell Adhesion Pathway Mediated by Fibronectin-bound Tissue Transglutaminase Rescues Cells from Anoikis [DOI]
  14. 14 Transglutaminase overexpression sensitizes neuronal cell lines to apoptosis by increasing mitochondrial membrane potential and cellular oxidative stress [DOI]
  15. 15 Intracellular Localization and Activity State of Tissue Transglutaminase Differentially Impacts Cell Death [DOI]
  16. 16 Tissue Transglutaminase Protects against Apoptosis by Modifying the Tumor Suppressor Protein p110 Rb [DOI]
  17. 17 Identification of Cytoplasmic Actin as an Abundant Glutaminyl Substrate for Tissue Transglutaminase in HL-60 and U937 Cells Undergoing Apoptosis [DOI]
  18. 18 Clinical and Biological Significance of Tissue Transglutaminase in Ovarian Carcinoma [DOI]
  19. 19 Tissue transglutaminase-mediated chemoresistance in cancer cells [DOI]
  20. 20 The role of transglutaminase-2 and its substrates in human diseases [DOI]
  21. 21 Substrate Preference of Transglutaminase 2 Revealed by Logistic Regression Analysis and Intrinsic Disorder Examination [DOI]
  22. 22 Keratinocyte-specific transglutaminase of cultured human epidermal cells: Relation to cross-linked envelope formation and terminal differentiation [DOI]
  23. 23 Core Histones Are Glutaminyl Substrates for Tissue Transglutaminase [DOI]
  24. 24 Structure and organization of the human transglutaminase 1 gene. [DOI]
  25. 25 GTP Binding and Signaling by Gh/Transglutaminase II Involves Distinct Residues in a Unique GTP-binding Pocket [DOI]
  26. 26 Identification of Gln726 in nidogen as the amine acceptor in transglutaminase-catalyzed cross-linking of laminin-nidogen complexes. [DOI]
  27. 27 Identification of ‘tissue’ transglutaminase binding proteins in neural cells committed to apoptosis [DOI]
  28. 28 A novel transglutaminase-mediated post-translational modification of phospholipase A2 dramatically increases its catalytic activity. [DOI]
  29. 29 Structural features of glutamine substrates for transglutaminases. Role of extended interactions in the specificity of human plasma factor XIIIa and of the guinea pig liver enzyme. [DOI]
  30. 30 Differential modulation of cell adhesion by interaction between adhesive and counter-adhesive proteins: characterization of the binding of vitronectin to osteonectin (BM40, SPARC) [DOI]
  31. 31 Identification and biochemical characterization of an 80 kilodalton GTP-binding/transglutaminase from rabbit liver nuclei [DOI]
  32. 32 Affinity of human erythrocyte transglutaminase for a 42-kDa gelatin-binding fragment of human plasma fibronectin. [DOI]
  33. 33 Cross-linking of Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 2 and α2-Antiplasmin to Fibrin(ogen) [DOI]
  34. 34 Tissue Transglutaminase (TG2) in Cancer Biology [DOI]
  35. 35 Sphingosylphosphocholine Reduces the Calcium Ion Requirement for Activating Tissue Transglutaminase [DOI]
  36. 36 Analysis of the catalytic activity of human factor XIIIa by site-directed mutagenesis. [DOI]
  37. 37 Retinoic acid-induced expression of tissue transglutaminase in human promyelocytic leukemia (HL-60) cells. [DOI]
  38. 38 The molecular basis of retinoic acid action. Transcriptional regulation of tissue transglutaminase gene expression in macrophages. [DOI]
  39. 39 Expression of Retinoic Acid Nuclear Receptors and Tissue Transglutaminase Is Altered in Various Tissues of Rats Fed a Vitamin A-Deficient Diet [DOI]
  40. 40 Structural features of glutamine substrates for transglutaminases. Specificities of human plasma factor XIIIa and the guinea pig liver enzyme toward synthetic peptides. [DOI]
  41. 41 Transglutaminases in Wound Healing and Inflammation [DOI]
  42. 42 Type 2 Transglutaminase and Cell Death [DOI]
  43. 43 Tissue Transglutaminase at Embryo-Maternal Interface [DOI]
  44. 44 Transglutaminases in Neurodegenerative Disorders [DOI]
  45. 45 Retinoic acid-induced transglutaminase in mouse epidermal cells is distinct from epidermal transglutaminase. [DOI]
  46. 46 Tetanus toxin potently stimulates tissue transglutaminase. A possible mechanism of neurotoxicity. [DOI]
  47. 47 The inhibition of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion by primary amines. A role for transglutaminase in the secretory mechanism [DOI]
  48. 48 Lipoprotein (a) is a substrate for factor XIIIa and tissue transglutaminase. [DOI]
  49. 49 Regulation of Pollen Tube Growth by Transglutaminase [DOI]
  50. 50 Differentiation of U937 myelomonocytic cell line by all-trans retinoic acid and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3: synergistic effects on tissue transglutaminase.
  51. 51 Transglutaminases: Nature’s biological glues [DOI]
  52. 52 G h : a GTP-Binding Protein with Transglutaminase Activity and Receptor Signaling Function [DOI]
  53. 53 Tissue Transglutaminase Is an Integrin-Binding Adhesion Coreceptor for Fibronectin [DOI]
  54. 54 Gene Disruption of Tissue Transglutaminase [DOI]
  55. 55 Protein Crosslinking in Assembly and Remodelling of Extracellular Matrices: The Role of Transglutaminases [DOI]
  56. 56 Evolution of Transglutaminase Genes: Identification of a Transglutaminase Gene Cluster on Human Chromosome 15q15 [DOI]
  57. 57 Transglutaminase 2 inhibitor, KCC009, disrupts fibronectin assembly in the extracellular matrix and sensitizes orthotopic glioblastomas to chemotherapy [DOI]
  58. 58 Polyamines: from Molecular Biology to Clinical Applications [DOI]
  59. 59 On the Solubility of Fibrin Clots [DOI]
  60. 60 Matrix-dependent Proteolysis of Surface Transglutaminase by Membrane-type Metalloproteinase Regulates Cancer Cell Adhesion and Locomotion [DOI]
  61. 61 Tissue transglutaminase: a possible role in neurodegenerative diseases [DOI]
  62. 62 Tissue transglutaminase in normal and abnormal wound healing: Review article [DOI]
  63. 63 Distinct Nuclear Localization and Activity of Tissue Transglutaminase [DOI]
  64. 64 Localization of cellular transglutaminase on the extracellular matrix after wounding: Characteristics of the matrix bound enzyme [DOI]
  65. 65 Transglutaminases in disease [DOI]
  66. 66 An enzymically catalyzed incorporation of amines into proteins [DOI]
  67. 67 Two non‐proline cis peptide bonds may be important for factor XIII function [DOI]
  68. 68 Calcium Regulates S-Nitrosylation, Denitrosylation, and Activity of Tissue Transglutaminase [DOI]
  69. 69 Tissue transglutaminase (TG2) - a wound response enzyme [DOI]
  70. 70 Regulation of Human Tissue Transglutaminase Function by Magnesium-Nucleotide Complexes [DOI]
  71. 71 High levels of transglutaminase expression in doxorubicin‐resistant human breast carcinoma cells [DOI]
  72. 72 Transglutaminase 2 as a cisplatin resistance marker in non-small cell lung cancer [DOI]
  73. 73 Identification of a Novel Recognition Sequence for Fibronectin within the NH2-terminal β-Sandwich Domain of Tissue Transglutaminase [DOI]
  74. 74 Complexation of fibronectin with tissue transglutaminase [DOI]
  75. 75 Tissue transglutaminase: from biological glue to cell survival cues [DOI]
  76. 76 Regulated Expression of Tissue Transglutaminase in Swiss 3T3 Fibroblasts: Effects on the Processing of Fibronectin, Cell Attachment, and Cell Death [DOI]
  77. 77 Cell Surface Localization of Tissue Transglutaminase Is Dependent on a Fibronectin-binding Site in Its N-terminal β-Sandwich Domain [DOI]
  78. 78 Interaction Site of GTP Binding Gh (Transglutaminase II) with Phospholipase C [DOI]
  79. 79 Inhibition of “Tissue” Transglutaminase Increases Cell Survival by Preventing Apoptosis [DOI]
  80. 80 HLA binding and T cell recognition of a tissue transglutaminase-modified gliadin epitope [DOI]
  81. 81 Identification of metastasis‐associated proteins by proteomic analysis and functional exploration of interleukin‐18 in metastasis [DOI]
  82. 82 Interaction of tissue transglutaminase with nuclear transport protein importin‐α3 [DOI]
  83. 83 Proteomics Identification of Acyl-acceptor and Acyl-donor Substrates for Transglutaminase in a Human Intestinal Epithelial Cell Line [DOI]
  84. 84 Transdab wiki: the interactive transglutaminase substrate database on web 2.0 surface [DOI]
  85. 85 Apoptotic hepatocytes become insoluble in detergents and chaotropic agents as a result of transglutaminase action [DOI]
  86. 86 Lack of ‘tissue’ transglutaminase protein cross-linking leads to leakage of macromolecules from dying cells: relationship to development of autoimmunity in MRLlpr/lpr mice [DOI]
  87. 87 Ligand-Induced Conformational Changes in Tissue Transglutaminase: Monte Carlo Analysis of Small-Angle Scattering Data [DOI]
  88. 88 Tissue Transglutaminase Facilitates the Polymerization of Insulin-like Growth Factor-binding Protein-1 (IGFBP-1) and Leads to Loss of IGFBP-1's Ability to Inhibit Insulin-like Growth Factor-I-stimulated Protein Synthesis [DOI]
  89. 89 Multidrug-resistant MCF-7 breast cancer cells contain deficient intracellular calcium pools [DOI]
  90. 90 Conformational Changes in the Nucleosome Followed by the Selective Accessibility of Histone Glutamines in the Transglutaminase Reaction: Effects of Ionic Strength [DOI]
  91. 91 Organization and structure of the human tissue transglutaminase gene [DOI]
  92. 92 Evidence for the Involvement of Retinoic Acid Receptor RARα-dependent Signaling Pathway in the Induction of Tissue Transglutaminase and Apoptosis by Retinoids [DOI]
  93. 93 Complete amino acid sequence and homologies of human erythrocyte membrane protein band 4.2. [DOI]
  94. 94 Transglutaminase as a blood clotting enzyme [DOI]
  95. 95 A Role for Transglutaminase in Neurotransmitter Release by Rat Brain Synaptosomes [DOI]
  96. 96 Sequence location of a putative transglutaminase cross‐linking site in human vitronectin [DOI]
  97. 97 Adhesion articulated [DOI]
  98. 98 Determination of amino- and carboxyl-terminal sequences of guinea pig liver transglutaminase: evidence for amino-terminal processing [DOI]
  99. 99 Identification of Factor‐XIIIa‐Reactive Glutaminyl Residues in the Propolypeptide of Bovine von Willebrand Factor [DOI]
  100. 100 Purification of the factor involved in the formation of urea-insoluble fibrin [DOI]
  101. 101 Fibronectin Polymerization Regulates the Composition and Stability of Extracellular Matrix Fibrils and Cell-Matrix Adhesions [DOI]
  102. 102 The Intestinal T Cell Response to α-Gliadin in Adult Celiac Disease Is Focused on a Single Deamidated Glutamine Targeted by Tissue Transglutaminase [DOI]
  103. 103 Transglutaminase 2 Undergoes a Large Conformational Change upon Activation [DOI]
  104. 104 Highly expressed genes in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas: a comprehensive characterization and comparison of the transcription profiles obtained from three major technologies.
  105. 105 Latent Transforming Growth Factor-β Binding Protein Domains Involved in Activation and Transglutaminase-dependent Cross-Linking of Latent Transforming Growth Factor-β [DOI]
  106. 106 Fibronectin [DOI]
  107. 107 Autoantibodies in coeliac disease: tissue transglutaminase—guilt by association? [DOI]
  108. 108 A novel function of tissue-type transglutaminase: protein disulphide isomerase [DOI]
  109. 109 Prognostic Significance of Tissue Transglutaminase in Drug Resistant and Metastatic Breast Cancer [DOI]
  110. 110 The role of tissue transglutaminase in cell-matrix interactions [DOI]
  111. 111 Expression of tissue transglutaminase in Balb-C 3T3 fibroblasts: effects on cellular morphology and adhesion. [DOI]
  112. 112 Differential expression of tissue transglutaminase in human cells [DOI]
  113. 113 Cell-surface transglutaminase promotes fibronectin assembly via interaction with the gelatin-binding domain of fibronectin [DOI]
  114. 114 Tissue transglutaminase: an enzyme with a split personality [DOI]
  115. 115 Mammalian transglutaminases [DOI]
  116. 116 Increased Expression of Tissue Transglutaminase in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma and Its Implications in Drug Resistance and Metastasis [DOI]
  117. 117 Molecular Characterization of Covalent Complexes between Tissue Transglutaminase and Gliadin Peptides [DOI]
  118. 118 Reduced expression of tissue transglutaminase in a human endothelial cell line leads to changes in cell spreading, cell adhesion and reduced polymerisation of fibronectin [DOI]
  119. 119 Tissue Transglutaminase-Dependent Posttranslational Modification of the Retinoblastoma Gene Product in Promonocytic Cells Undergoing Apoptosis [DOI]
  120. 120 Enhanced Peritoneal Ovarian Tumor Dissemination by Tissue Transglutaminase [DOI]
  121. 121 Novel transglutaminase inhibitors reverse the inflammation of allergic conjunctivitis [DOI]
  122. 122 Augmentation of Tissue Transglutaminase Expression and Activation by Epidermal Growth Factor Inhibit Doxorubicin-induced Apoptosis in Human Breast Cancer Cells [DOI]
  123. 123 Mechanisms of integration of cells and extracellular matrices by integrins [DOI]
  124. 124 Implications of tissue transglutaminase expression in malignant melanoma [DOI]
  125. 125 Identification of the Calcium Binding Site and a Novel Ytterbium Site in Blood Coagulation Factor XIII by X-ray Crystallography [DOI]
  126. 126 Tissue Transglutaminase Is a Multifunctional BH3-only Protein [DOI]
  127. 127 Opposite Effects of Ca2+ and GTP Binding on Tissue Transglutaminase Tertiary Structure [DOI]
  128. 128 Hydrolysis of γ:ϵ Isopeptides by Cytosolic Transglutaminases and by Coagulation Factor XIIIa [DOI]
  129. 129 Fibronectin polymerization stimulates cell growth by RGD-dependent and-independent mechanisms [DOI]
  130. 130 Analysis of Tissue Transglutaminase Function in the Migration of Swiss 3T3 Fibroblasts [DOI]
  131. 131 Crystal Structure of Red Sea Bream Transglutaminase [DOI]
  132. 132 Tau Is Modified by Tissue Transglutaminase In Situ: Possible Functional and Metabolic Effects of Polyamination [DOI]
  133. 133 Interactions of G h /transglutaminase with phospholipase Cδ1 and with GTP [DOI]
  134. 134 Conserved tryptophan in the core domain of transglutaminase is essential for catalytic activity [DOI]
  135. 135 Transglutaminase potentiates ligand-dependent proteasome dysfunction induced by polyglutamine-expanded androgen receptor [DOI]
  136. 136 iε-(γ-Glutamyl) lysine cross-linkage in citrulline-containing protein fractions from hair [DOI]
  137. 137 Transglutaminase-catalyzed crosslinking of fibrils of collagen V/XI in A204 rhabdomyosarcoma cells [DOI]
  138. 138 Isolation of a cDNA Encoding a Novel Member of the Transglutaminase Gene Family from Human Keratinocytes [DOI]
  139. 139 Differential regulation by retinoic acid and calcium of transglutaminases in cultured neoplastic and normal human keratinocytes.
  140. 140 Induction of keratinocyte type-I transglutaminase in epithelial cells of the rat [DOI]
  141. 141 Polyamines influence transglutaminase activity and cell migration in two cell lines [DOI]
  142. 142 A study on the solubility of fibrin clots in urea.
  143. 143 From TGF-β to Cancer Therapy [DOI]
  144. 144 Differences in transglutaminase mRNA after polyamine depletion in two cell lines [DOI]
  145. 145 [Action mechanisms of botulinum neurotoxins and tetanus neurotoxins].
  146. 146 Transglutaminase activity of cultured human prostatic epithelium.
  147. 147 S19 ribosomal protein cross-linked dimer causes monocyte-predominant infiltration by means of molecular mimicry to complement C5a.

Cited by 0

No indexed citations yet.

Article metrics

Real usage data collected on this platform.

76

Page views

0

PDF downloads

35

Outbound clicks

0

Citations

Views over time

Views by country

Approximate, from request IP at view time — not citizenship or institution. Countries with fewer than 5 views are grouped as "Other".

Traffic sources

Referring site, by host.

Views and downloads exclude known bots/crawlers. Citations combines this platform's own DOI-resolved index with each external source's own reported total — see Cited by above for individually listed citing works. Last refreshed 0 seconds ago.