Skip to content
Research Article Open access

Community-Acquired Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus an Important Enemy against us; Why Investigation of Their Main Toxins Reveals Contradictory Data

Sultan F. Alnomasy

Microbiology Research Journal International · pp. 1–4 · Published 17 Jul 2021

10.9734/mrji/2021/v31i530315

Abstract

Community-Acquired Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) strains are serious human pathogens because of their micro floral abilities; resistance to clinically important antibiotics and ability to evade the host immune defences. Panton–Valentine leucocidin (PVL) and Phenol-soluble modulins (PSMs) are the main important virulence factors of CA-MRSA. The aim of this work was to provide an explanation on why there are contradictory findings in studies of PVL and PSMs. Several factors such as differences in growth media or in injection mode, species-specific interaction, contamination in culture supernatants, the concentration of toxin, and exposure time that have an effect on conducting of these studies were discussed in this paper.

CA-MRSA PVL MRSA staphylococcus aureus

References (14)

  1. 1 Identification of novel cytolytic peptides as key virulence determinants for community-associated MRSA [DOI]
  2. 2 Staphylococcus aureus and its food poisoning toxins: characterization and outbreak investigation [DOI]
  3. 3 Is Panton‐Valentine Leukocidin the Major Virulence Determinant in Community‐Associated Methicillin‐Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Disease? [DOI]
  4. 4 Cutting Edge: Functional Interactions Between Toll-Like Receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR1 or TLR6 in Response to Phenol-Soluble Modulin [DOI]
  5. 5 Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Management Strategies [DOI]
  6. 6 Human Formyl Peptide Receptor 2 Senses Highly Pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus [DOI]
  7. 7 Comparative Analysis of USA300 Virulence Determinants in a Rabbit Model of Skin and Soft Tissue Infection [DOI]
  8. 8 Panton‐Valentine Leukocidin Is Not a Virulence Determinant in Murine Models of Community‐Associated Methicillin‐ResistantStaphylococcus aureusDisease [DOI]
  9. 9 Direct and synergistic hemolysis caused by Staphylococcus phenol-soluble modulins: implications for diagnosis and pathogenesis [DOI]
  10. 10 Panton-Valentine Leukocidin Does Play a Role in the Early Stage of Staphylococcus aureus Skin Infections: A Rabbit Model [DOI]
  11. 11 Toll-like receptor 2 activation depends on lipopeptide shedding by bacterial surfactants [DOI]
  12. 12 Rapid Detection of Staphylococcus aureus Panton-Valentine Leukocidin in Clinical Specimens by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay and Immunochromatographic Tests [DOI]
  13. 13 Staphylococcus aureus Phenol-Soluble Modulin Peptides Modulate Dendritic Cell Functions and Increase In Vitro Priming of Regulatory T Cells [DOI]
  14. 14 Relative contribution of Panton-Valentine leukocidin to PMN plasma membrane permeability and lysis caused by USA300 and USA400 culture supernatants [DOI]

Cited by 0

No indexed citations yet.

Article metrics

Real usage data collected on this platform.

33

Page views

0

PDF downloads

15

Outbound clicks

0

Citations

Views over time

Views by country

Approximate, from request IP at view time — not citizenship or institution. Countries with fewer than 5 views are grouped as "Other".

Traffic sources

Referring site, by host.

Views and downloads exclude known bots/crawlers. Citations combines this platform's own DOI-resolved index with each external source's own reported total — see Cited by above for individually listed citing works. Last refreshed 0 seconds ago.