Udoh Esther Hope

Heavy Metal-induced Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Defence Responses in Aquatic Macrophytes of the Qua Iboe River Estuary

Udoh Esther Hope, Ita Ewa Oboho, Aniefiok Ini Inyang & Ubong Eno Akpan · Asian Journal of Environment & Ecology · 2026

Heavy metal contamination of freshwater ecosystems is a major environmental concern because metallic pollutants are persistent, toxic, bioaccumulative and capable of inducing oxidative stress in aquatic organisms. Aquatic macrophytes exposed to metal pollution may experience exce...