Comparative Evaluation of Irrigant Activation Systems for Smear Layer Removal in the Apical Third of Root Canals: A SEM Analysis
Sahadev Chickmagarvalli Krishnegowda, Bharath Makonahalli Jaganath, Sandeep Rudranaik, Kachenahalli Narasimhaiah Raghu & Sajna Kokala Chidananda · Asian Journal of Dental Sciences · 2025
Background: The smear layer is a surface film of debris that remains on dentin or other tooth surfaces, such as enamel or cementum, after instrumentation with either rotary instruments or endodontic files. Sodium hypochlorite is the gold standard in endodontic irrigation, but it...
Open access
Research Article
10.9734/ajds/2025/v8i1239