The Socio-Cultural Semiotics of Sumra (Protective Rituals) among Ilocanos in Northern Philippines
Mark Kevin J. Gorospe & Jasper Kim M. Rabago · Asian Journal of Education and Social Studies · 2025
Protective rituals, known as sumra, remain an enduring cultural practice among Ilocanos in the Northern Philippines, performed during ceremonies and gatherings to ward off uninvited spirits and negative elements. This ethnographic study explores the sociocultural semiotics of sum...
Open access
Research Article
10.9734/ajess/2025/v51i51968