Background: Elevated transprosthetic gradients are commonly considered a sign of prosthetic valve obstruction. However, certain haemodynamic or physiological conditions may result in increased gradients despite a structurally normal prosthesis. Recognizing these functional abnorm...
Open access
Research Article10.9734/ca/2026/v15i4571
Background: Cardiovascular disease accounts for approximately 45% of all-cause mortality in hemodialysis patients — a risk 10 to 20 times higher than in the general population. Despite the critical role of echocardiography in characterizing this cardiac burden, systematic echocar...
Open access
Research Article10.9734/ca/2026/v15i3548
Background: Papillary muscle rupture (PMR) is a rare but rapidly fatal mechanical complication of acute myocardial infarction (MI) that may occur even after apparently limited ischemia. In the contemporary reperfusion era, its incidence is estimated between 0.05% and 0.26% of MIs...
Open access
Research Article10.9734/ca/2026/v15i2540