Some Guidelines on Cardiotocograph (CTG) trace continue to recommend the administration of oxygen and fluids to the mother to correct the abnormalities observed on the cardiotocograph. However, the fetus has a separate autonomic nervous system, blood volume, haemoglobin concentra...
Open access
Research Article10.9734/jammr/2020/v32i830460
The presence of ‘thin’ or ‘non-significant’ meconium stained amniotic fluid (MSAF) is currently being considered by some intrapartum guidelines as ‘low risk’, requiring only an intermittent auscultation and not continuous electronic fetal heart rate monitoring using the cardiotoc...
Open access
Research Article10.9734/jammr/2019/v30i530192
It is vital to determine whether a fetus is showing a normal physiological response to the stress of labour or if the fetus is exposed to intrapartum hypoxia to ensure timely and appropriate management. Failure to interpret fetal heart rate correctly during second stage of labour...
Open access
Research Article10.9734/BJMMR/2015/17022
There are several national and international guidelines to aid the interpretation of the cardiotocograph (CTG) trace during labour. These guidelines are based on assessing changes in the fetal heart rate (i.e. cardiograph) in response to mechanical and hypoxic stresses during lab...
Open access
Research Article10.9734/ajmah/2020/v18i930238