Patent Foramen Ovale Unmasked: A Contemporary Critical Review of Diagnostic Evaluation and Evidence-based Closure Indications
Malki Mohamed, Loudiyi Nadia, Lakhal Zouhair & Benyass Aatif · Asian Journal of Cardiology Research · 2026
A patent foramen ovale (PFO) is present in roughly one quarter of adults, yet it becomes clinically consequential in only a small minority. This asymmetry defines the central difficulty of the field: distinguishing a causally implicated interatrial communication from an anatomica...
Open access
Research Article
10.9734/ajcr/2026/v9i1396