Sub-Lethal Influences of Azadirachta indica on Reproductive Parameters of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Gurpreet Singh, Anureet Kaur Chandi & Sanhita Chowdhury · Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology · 2025
This study evaluated the sub-lethal effects of neem-based formulations including commercial neem (0.15%), neem oil, and neem seed kernel extract (NSKE, 5%) on Spodoptera frugiperda under laboratory conditions. Toxicity bioassays were carried out on second instar larvae using the...