Gender and Age Variations in Biomarkers of Diabetic Nephrotoxicity in a Nigerian Teaching Hospital: KIM-1, Cystatin C and Microalbuminuria
Ibitoroko Maureen George-Opuda, Achor Chor Joyce Chituru & Helen Waribo · International Journal of Advances in Nephrology Research · 2026
Background: Early detection of diabetic nephropathy (DN) is crucial for preventing its progression to chronic kidney disease. While biomarkers like Kidney Injury Molecule-1 (KIM-1), Cystatin C, and microalbuminuria aid in identifying renal injury, gender- and age-related variatio...
Open access
Research Article
10.9734/ijanr/2026/v9i186