Abul Kalam Biswas

A Critical Review on the Design, Synthesis and Applications of Carbene Superbases

Abul Kalam Biswas · Chemical Science International Journal · 2026

Carbenes, once regarded as fleeting reactive intermediates, have matured into one of the most versatile families of neutral organic bases known to chemistry. Within the last two decades, judicious modification of the carbene framework has produced species whose basicity rivals an...

Open access Research Article 10.9734/CSJI/2026/v35i41049

The Role of Thiophene as a π-Spacer in Dye-sensitized Solar Cells: A Critical Review

Abul Kalam Biswas · Chemical Science International Journal · 2026

Introduction: Over the past three decades, extensive research has been devoted to                     developing non-metallic organic dyes for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The choice of the π-segment is critical to the device performance, as it controls not only the intrin...

Open access Research Article 10.9734/CSJI/2026/v35i11020